What Is Scientific Management? Scientific management, also often known as Taylorism, is a management theory first advocated by Federick W. Taylor. It uses scientific methods to analyze the most efficient production process in order to increase productivity. Taylor’s scientific management theory argued it was the job of workplace managers to develop the proper production system for achieving economic efficiency. Although the terms “scientific management” and “Taylorism” are commonly used interchangeably, it would be more precise to say that Taylorism was the first form of scientific management. 4 Principles of Scientific Management Frederick Taylor devised the following four scientific management principles that are still relevant to this day: . Select methods based on science, not “rule of thumb.” Rather than allowing each individual worker the freedom to use their own “rule of thumb” method to complete a task, you should instead use the scientific method to determine the “one best way” to do the job. . Assign workers jobs based on their aptitudes. Instead of randomly assigning workers to any open job, assess which ones are most capable of each specific job and train them to work at peak efficiency. . Monitor worker performance. Assess your workers’ efficiency and provide additional instruction when necessary to guarantee they are working productively. . Properly divide the workload between managers and workers. Managers should plan and train, while workers should implement what they’ve been trained to do. A Brief History of Scientific Management Theory Federick Taylor became inspired to create his theories while working as an employee of the United States steel manufacturer, Bethlehem Steel. It was as that steel company he observed that the managers barely knew anything about how specific jobs were actually performed. He began to design workplace experiments that would influence his famous principles of management. One experiment involved improving shoveling efficiency by designing new shovels that were optimized for different materials. Another famous example involved using a stopwatch and biomechanical analysis to concoct a better method for workers to carry pig iron onto railroad cars. On the first day using his new method, the amount of pig iron the workers were able to transport almost tripled. These and other time and motion studies became the origins of Taylor’s theory of management. Although he’s known as the father of scientific management, Federick Taylor initially called his method “shop management.” He ended up adopting the term “scientific management” in 1911 after it was popularized in a court case by future Supreme Court justice Louis Brandeis with the help of mechanical engineer Henry L. Gantt. https://www.masterclass.com/articles/understanding-taylorism-the-history-of-scientific-management-theory *The rule of thumb origin The idiom "rule of thumb" originated in the 17th century. It derives from the practice of making rough measurements with the thumb.  - Give another title to the text………………………………………….. Give an explanation to: - Taylorism :…………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………… Rule of thumb:……………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… According to Taylor what are the tasks assigned to both managers and workers?............................................................................................ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. II- 1-Give the synonyms of the following words: Taylorism ꓿ …………………. employee ꓿ …………………. 2-Give the antonyms of the following words: rule of thumb ≠......................................... increase productivity ≠......................................... III- Translate into Arabic the following paragraph: “1. Select methods based on science, not “rule of thumb.” Rather than allowing each individual worker the freedom to use their own “rule of thumb” method to complete a task, you should instead use the scientific method to determine the “one best way” to do the job.” .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................​